विभक्तयः
Vibhakti: a word’s role in the sentence
Seven numbered cases plus the vocative. The vocative is traditionally a use of the first case, but tables show it as its own row.
प्रथमा
Nominative · कर्ता
The doer of the sentence stands in प्रथमा. Example: रामः पठति (Rāma reads).
- Role
- Subject: the one who does the action
- Hindi marker
- ने / (कोई चिह्न नहीं)
- Asks
- Who? What?
।
Rāma reads.
Focus word: रामः
Sūtras: स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (1.4.54) · प्रातिपदिकार्थलिङ्गपरिमाणवचनमात्रे प्रथमा (2.3.46)
The same case in three model words
| एक | द्वि | बहु | |
|---|---|---|---|
| राम (पुं.) | |||
| लता (स्त्री.) | |||
| फल (नपुं.) |
Words that call for a case
सहतृतीया
with
।विनाद्वितीया
without (2nd, 3rd or 5th)
।नमःचतुर्थी
salutation to
।उपरिषष्ठी
above
।अधःषष्ठी
below
।रुच्चतुर्थी
to please (the one pleased is dative)
।